It is called CCC+TL, short for covarying coupling constants plus tired light.

These are basic values in physics that the model says change together over time.

It is called CCC+TL, short for covarying coupling constants plus tired light.

This is the name of an idea in the model about how light behaves.

The researchers call this part “tired light,” but the supplied evidence does not explain the effect further.

Here, this is the model’s name for an effect on light; the sentence says more detail is not given.

The model proposes that some fundamental constants—the values that help set how particles and forces behave—change over cosmic time.

This means time across the history of the universe.

The researchers say these ideas could explain some observations usually linked to dark matter and dark energy without requiring either in the model.

This is a name for something scientists propose to explain certain effects seen in space.

In that model, dark matter helps explain the extra gravity seen in galaxies and in larger structures.

Here, it is proposed to explain extra gravity in galaxies and other large structures.

In the usual account, visible matter alone often cannot explain the observed speeds, so dark matter is proposed to provide extra gravity.

Here, it is proposed as a source of extra gravity that could explain how quickly stars and gas move.

It does not show that CCC has settled the question of dark matter, or that it is the best explanation across cosmology.

This means the question of whether dark matter is needed or exists is still open.

And what about the Bullet Cluster, often discussed as evidence for dark matter?

Here, dark matter means the proposed unseen source of gravity that the cluster may provide evidence for.

CCC+TL offers a striking possibility: a much older universe, with a different explanation for effects linked to dark matter and dark energy.

Here, dark matter is one of the ideas used to explain observed effects in the universe.

The researchers say these ideas could explain some observations usually linked to dark matter and dark energy without requiring either in the model.

This is a name for a proposed cause of effects seen as the universe expands.

Dark energy is the name for what is thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion.

It is thought to make the universe expand faster over time.

CCC+TL offers a striking possibility: a much older universe, with a different explanation for effects linked to dark matter and dark energy.

Here, dark energy is a proposed cause of effects linked to the universe’s expansion.

In the standard model, the universe was about 300 million years old during cosmic dawn, when the first generations of stars and galaxies were emerging.

This is the early period when the first stars and galaxies began to appear.

At the same observed redshift, CCC+TL estimates the universe was about 4.6 billion years old.

Redshift is a change in light from a distant object that helps show how far away it is.

The team also compared the model with cosmic chronometer measurements, which use the ages of galaxies at different distances to reconstruct how the universe expanded over time.

These measurements use galaxy ages to work out how the universe expanded in the past.

A rotation curve shows how quickly stars and gas orbit at different distances from a galaxy’s center.

It is a graph or line showing how fast stars and gas orbit at different distances from a galaxy’s center.

The authors reported that CCC performed comparably to MOND fitted separately to each galaxy; the difference in average fit results was not statistically significant.

The difference was not large or clear enough to count as a reliable result.

In a preliminary CCC+TL lensing study, the researchers reported that their model’s extra gravitational effect followed the galaxies rather than the hot gas.

Lensing is the bending of light by gravity, used here to study the cluster.

The University of Ottawa report says the team’s analysis of how supernova events appear stretched in time supports CCC+TL, but that paper is still under review.

The paper is being checked by other experts before it may be published.